• Distinguish substance-related disorders from substance-use cognitive disorders, substance abuse from substance dependence, and define the terms tolerance, withdrawal, and intoxication. Discuss the overlap in criteria for dependence and abuse. (pp. 269-272)
  
  
• Describe the nature and scope of substance use and describe the types and prevalence of substance-use disorders in the United States. (pp. 272-273; Figure 9.3)
  
  
• Categorize the psychoactive drugs according to their properties (sedative, stimulant, or hallucinogenic). (pp. 274-285; Table 9.1)
  
  
• Discuss the nature and magnitude of drinking problems in the United States and the short- and long-term physiological and psychological effects of alcohol. (pp. 274-277)
  
  
• Describe the effects of narcotics, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. Define polysubstance use and explain why it causes special problems. (pp. 277-280)
  
  
• Describe and discuss the problems of stimulant-use disorders, including amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and crack. Evaluate the controversy concerning nicotine addiction and its treatment. (pp. 280-282)
  
  
• Describe and discuss the problems of hallucinogen-use disorders, including marijuana, LSD, phencyclidine (PCP), and other substance-use disorders. Evaluate evidence concerning marijuanas harmful effects. (pp. 282-285)
  
  
• Describe the two general types of etiological theories of substance-related disorders. Describe and evaluate the evidence for specific genes and risk factors related to alcoholism and other forms of substance dependence. (pp. 285-287)
  
  
• Describe and discuss the various explanations for alcoholism and other substance-related disorders, including psychodynamic, personality, and sociocultural explanations. Evaluate research evidence on the relation between drug use and maladjustment. (pp. 287-290)
  
  
• Describe and discuss behavioral explanations for alcohol abuse and dependence, including the anxiety-reduction hypothesis, learned expectations, and cognitive influences. (pp. 290-292)
  
  
• Discuss explanations for relapse among alcoholics and people who are dependent on other substances. Describe and distinguish opponent process, two-factor, and automatic processing theories of the addiction process. (pp. 292-295)
  
  
• Describe the nature and effectiveness of alcohol and drug treatment programs, including self-help groups, pharmacological approaches to substance-use treatment, and controlled-drinking. (pp. 295-302)
  
  
• Describe and compare the cognitive and behavioral approaches to treating substance-related disorders, including aversion therapy, covert sensitization, rapid smoking, nicotine fading, relaxation and social learning methods, and cognitive-change treatments. (pp. 298-302; Mental Health and Society)
  
  
• Discuss what is meant by multimodal treatment. Describe and evaluate the evidence concerning treatment effectiveness for alcohol, smoking cessation, and other substance-related disorders. (pp. 302-304)